Who Wants to Be Filipino Essay Example for Free

Who Wants to Be Philippine EssayIf you were to be reincarnated and given the choice, would you opt to be Filipino again? It was in 1998, at a Forum of students of top schools at the University of Asia and the Pacific, that I raised this question. As expected, everybody, except me, gave a re safeing yes for an answer. Hypocrites I could get wind from the way they talked, from the clothes they wore, from their ideas of what was good and beautiful, that even in this lifetime they were dying to camouflage their being Filipino. Thanks to Ralph Lauren, a colonial education and a trying-hard American accent.I told them that I want to be European, a Frenchman more specifically. Yes, Europewith its rich history, solid identity, and all the luxury and elegance this world could offer. I have been in that respect once for the world debates in Greece. But being Filipino, I was a disaster then. During socials, I would befriend the Jamaicans so I would stand out. But it was a wrong move bec ause Jamaicans, notwithstanding their darker skin tone, are very secure with themselves. When I and fellow Filipinos were walking in downtown Athens, a young Greek approached our group and casually told us that he intended to go to the Philippines to fk Filipinas.Then he kept on asking us How much are Filipinas? Did he expect us to adore him because a fine European like him wanted to visit a country whose people they officially defined as Domestic Helpers? Or was he simply being mean? I wish he were just referring to the controversial brown biscuit. Hellish traffic, hellish climate, hell-sent politicians, gangsters in uniform, hoodlums in robe, massive unemployment, inhumane poverty, identity crisis, a tradition of mediocrity. Get real. Who would want to be Filipino? Maybe the Cojuangcos, the Sys, the Tans and the other demigods whose surnames do not sound Filipino at all.But this Yumul, no. My Uncle Jessie is lucky he and the whole family migrated to the United States in the earl y 1970s, to graze where the grass is greener and live there as second class citizens but occasionally come home like gods crowned with sparkling dollars. Then there is Me-Ann, one of the tinderas in our small business. She thinks that her master(prenominal) purpose in life is to go to Taiwan and earn money she will never earn in a lifetime of labor in the Philippines. I feel sad to know that Me-Ann and millions of Filipinos have to leave the country just to live decently.Some say though that notwithstanding our material poverty, we could bestow pride in our spirituality since the Philippines is the only predominantly Christian country in Asia. But it continues to puzzle me why this Catholic Nation has only produced deuce saints so far while Thailand, Japan and Chinaall non-Christian countrieshave more. Maybe, unlike Filipinos, people from those republics have more sensible things to do than creating miracles by desperately looking for escorts in the stains of tree trunks and f orcing statues to shed bloody tears. I have always been pessimistic about the fate of the Filipino.But there was a break. I gave in to the flag-waving(a) Spirit during the Centennial Celebrations. When fireworks, worth millions of pesos, lit up the skies over the Luneta, I had high hopes that the Philippines would be better and I decided to junk my pessimism. I theory a new era of Filipino pride had dawned. In my college years, I was also influenced by San Bedas thrust of molding young men in the image of a true Filipino like some of its alumni whose ranks include Ninoy Aquino, Rene Saguisag, Ramon Mitra, and Raul Roco, who should have been the president of this country.Yes, for some time, I was deluded into being proud of being Filipino. Thanks to electric chair Erap, I have recovered my senses. His Excellency has betrayed the peoples trust so many times that I need not elaborate. Erap has become for me the symbol of everything that is bad in the Filipino. In his administration, corruption and chaos have become the norm so that writing about it would only bore the reader. Its just too bad for the nation but good for me since I got back my precious pessimism. Now I am firmly convinced that Erap has to resign to save what is leftover of our dignity as a nation and what is left of my optimism as a young man.But, I guess he will never do that. Congress is dominated by honorable galamays, impeachment is an impossibility. A military coup could save the day for the country, but, in that case, Uncle Sam is sure to defend his friend who handed him the Visiting Forces Agreement. Now, we are left with assassins to play heroes. If one saves the lives of millions, would he not go to heaven? But then Erap need have no fear about an assassination plot. Imelda, despite all the crimes her family committed against the Filipino people, has never been hurt. Not even a strand of her regal hairdo has been touched.But of course, there are always firsts. harmonize to Hindu philo sophy, what you sow in this life, you would reap in the next and whatever you are now is a reaction to your past. Could it be that all Filipinos were crooks in their earliest incarnations? If there is any reason why I try to do well in this life, it is in the hope that in my next, I would be a Filipino no more. If it would not be too much to ask, I wish I would be French, or even Jamaican, before Jinggoy Estrada becomes president of this distressing land. Herdy L. Yumul, 21, is a Philosophy and Human Resource Development graduate of San Beda.

Brain Mechanisms Controlling Drug Addiction Reinforcement

Brain Mechanisms Controlling Drug Addiction ReinforcementDiscuss how theories relate medicate addiction to endogenous brain mechanisms controlling reinforcement, and look at how these theories may be use upd to improve the essenceiveness of treatment of addictionIn psycho-biological terms addiction is regarded as the perceived need for a dose or substance and the strength for the subsequent re-use of that substance often manifesting itself in a pattern of dose induced behaviour. This has indicated a connection between the behavioural pattern of a user and the biological hungers that are associated with this pattern of behaviour. Due to this relationship between pendant and abusive behaviour patterns and the biological and psychological cravings for the cute substances, look into has g ace into establishing the effects of do drugs addiction and their basis in psychology resulting in many neurobiological models.In terms of patterns of behaviour, operative instruct provides a convenient, easy and reliable way of adjusting any subjects pattern of behaviour under the conditioning of a controlled and changeable environmental. This has been conducted in question in an easily observable manner that was then able to account for factors pertaining to addiction and the potential for abuse through accordance to a pre-devised model. Through the notions of confirming regard, response and reward and through shaping behaviours this could then be adjusted to test any independent variable. This acts as a convenient methodology for sight the effects of drugs and was devised by early Psychopharmacological researchers in a bid to examine the relationship between drug use and behaviour patterns. One much(prenominal) piece of seminal research that incorporated this relationship was conducted by Dews (1953). In his founding study, Dew began a program of operant studies in an attempt to observe the behavioural effects of drugs to see how it could act as a precursor for addiction. His initial experiments on the behavioural patterns observed in animals led to the establishment that a entry of reinforcement maintaining a pattern of behaviour could play a critical role in determining the effects of a drug (Dews, 1955). Through operant conditioning and behavioural observation he was able to discern that the dose-effects of the drugs used in his experiment varied in terms of performances that were maintained under devil different schedules of reinforcement. However, he was also able to observe that there was a dose range in which the rate of behaviour would increase in one schedule condition, whilst it decreased in the other condition. This was an early indication that drug addiction depended upon the schedule as much as it did the dosage. Essentially, addiction was determined by patterns of behaviour as much as patterns of behaviour were determined by drug usage. In these early experiments, Dews was able to ascertain that stimulants would increase th e probability of a pattern of behaviour as it pertained to the relevant classification of a drug. However, he was also able to note that the drug could decrease the probability of any inclined pattern of behaviour itself.This research indicated that there was a variety of concepts at play within the role of addiction, much(prenominal) as tolerance, abuse, colony and reward. In modern-day research, we can see that these factors have been incorporated in an attempt to identify the mechanisms in the brain that lead to dependency, abuse and addiction through the parsing of reward. This was devised by Berridge et al (2003) as the investigation to find the neuro-pharmacological basis for three main psychological components essential to the parsing of reward and onset of addiction. These were the concepts of learning that included the explicit and implicit friendship produced by associative conditioning and cognitive processes, an affect or emotion such as implicit liking and consciou s pleasure associated with the experience of the drug, and pauperization suggested as the implicit incentive salient wanting and the accompanying cognitive incentive goals. Essentially, this three way split revealed that learning (Dews schedules of reinforcement), craving (the perceived effect of the drug) and habit (Dews patterns of behaviour) were the major contributing and operating factors in the role of addiction.Examining these three essential components, Franken (2003) was able to discern an attentional bias that indicated the need for relevant clinical approaches and treatments. It was concluded that cognitive processes would mediate between the drug stimulus or craving and the subjects learned response to the stimulus and subsequent behavioural response (e.g., drug use, relapse). It was revealed that a conditioned drug stimulus produced an increase in dopamine levels in the corticostriatal circuit, in particular the anterior cingulate gyrus, amygdala, and nucleus accumbens , which in turn served in drawing the subjects attention towards a perceived drug stimulus. This process resulted in a motor preparation and a hyper-attentive state towards drug-related stimuli that, ultimately, promoted further craving and relapse. This meant that craving was induced by stimuli rather than by a depletion of drug within the bodys circulation or the adherence to a schedule. The implications of this are that a someone surrounded by stimuli is more likely to be susceptible to the biological onset of craving and subsequent abuse or relapse than those who are dependent upon a schedule of reinforcement and behavioural pattern.In subsequent research, the effects of a drug upon the user where tested against two groups those of long term use and those of relatively short term use, in an attempt to see if there was a difference in the variation of tolerance, both cellular and behavioural. In a study conducted by Koob (2005) the immediate effects of drugs were compared to tho se observed after long-term exposure to see what role tolerance played. A neurobiological basis for drug dependence was proposed from the linkage between the cellular and behavioural effects of these drugs and the tolerance towards them. This meant that there was an inter-relation between behaviour and drug effect that could indicate drug dependence and subsequent treatment strategies.Although there appears to be a relationship between the behaviour patterns of drug taking and a neurobiological basis for drug dependency that may indicate areas of potential treatment and areas of potential relapse and abuse, it would appear that this is based primarily on a system of perceived reward. However, earlier research has indicated a system that does not depend upon reward. Research by Koob et al (1998) suggested that it was drug seeking that was associated with activation of reward neural circuitry. Whereas, drug addiction in its entirety involved a dark side defined as a decrease in the fu nction of normal reward-related neuro-circuitry and persistent recruitment of anti-reward systems, drug abuse did not. They proposed that understanding the neuroplasticity of this dark side of the circuitry could be the key to understanding the vulnerability to addiction. This research can be seen as a way of indicating the military posture of the potential to relapse after the successful treatment for drug addiction as well as a way of determining the neurobiological potential for drug addiction.From these studies, we can seen that drug addiction is linked to the neurobiological system of the brain that in conjunction with environmental factors such as stimuli, behavioural factors such as schedules, and cognitive factors such as reward, can be identified and treated through the addressing of reinforcements and their relation to cravings and dependency.BibliographyBerridge, K, C., Robinson, T., (2003) Parsing reward. Trends in Neuroscience. 26, 507- 513.Dews, P.B. (1953) The measu rement of the influence of drugs on involuntary activity in mice. British Journal of Pharmacology, 8, 46-48.Dews, P, B., (1955) Studies on Behaviour. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 113, 393-401Franken, IHA., (2003) Drug craving and addiction integrating psychological and neuropsychopharmacological approaches Prog. Neuro-Psychopharm. Biol. Psych, 27, 563-579Koob, G, F., (2005) The neurocircuitry of addiction Implications for treatment. Clin. Neurosci. Res., 5, 89-101Koob, G, F., Sanna, P, P., Bloom, F, E., (1998). Neuroscience of addiction. Neuron, 21, 467-476.

The Scarlet Letter | Character Analysis

The red-faced Letter Character AnalysisDimmesdale is the main male character in the world famous novel The Scarlet Letter, which is the masterpiece of Nathaniel Hawthorne. Although Dimmesdale commits adultery, it is non until the final part of the novel that he confesses his crime. From the time he commits adultery to the time he confesses his crime, everyday, he is tortured mentally. The conflicts of super self and id ar vanquish manifested in Dimmesdale. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the psychological situation of Arthur Dimmesdale found on Freuds psychological guess, especially the theory of id, ego and superego.Illustration of Id, Ego and SuperegoFreud is a famous psychologist, whose theory of psychology is a great contribution to the analysis of literature.1According to Freud, the mental processes plunder be assigned to three psychic z iodins the id, the ego, and the superego.The id as defined by Freud is identical in m any respects to the Devil as defined by theologians. Consequently, it is can be seen from this definition that the id is as macabre as Devil. It is the dark aspect of homosexual nature that cannot be touched by separates. What is the id? Id, in short, is what people want. It is peoples desire of all kinds-desire for power, for sex, for am applyment, for good. still this is notwithstanding one aspect of id. Every one wants these things. There is no one in the world who does not want power, sex or amusement. So it can be said that id is in the human nature. other aspect of id is that it is characterized by a tremendous and amorphous order. Its order is to satisfy its desire, with verboten an eye to the consequences. In other words, id is lawless, un fond and a righteous. Its function is to gratify our instincts for pleasure without regard for hearty conventions, legal rules, or clean restraint.2If one notwithstanding wants to satisfy his or her impulses for pleasures, disregarding social rules and moral criteria, he or she will watch everyplace to his or her self-deconstruction or do harm to other people, even the society.As it is tell above, id has dangerous potentialities. Consequently, at that place must be something that can prevent the id from doing dangerous things. In the book A handbook of Critical Approaches in Literature, which is written by John K. Willingham, it is written that in view of the ids dangerous potentialities, it is necessary that other psychic agencies value the individual and society. The first of these regulating agencies which protects the individual is the ego. This is the rational governing agent of the psyche. It regulates the instinctual drives of the id so that they may be releases in nondestructive behavioral patterns. In popular language, we may say that the ego stands for reason and circumspection, while the id stands for the untamed passions. Whereas the id is governed solely by the pleasure principle, the ego is governed by the reality principle. 3While id is the dark aspect of human existences personality, ego is the rational, logical, waking part of the wind.As above has mentioned, ego is one of these regulating agencies that protect the individual and society, at that place is another psychic agency, superego. While ego is the rational, logical, waking part of the mind of each person, superego is the cultural taboos, such(prenominal) as social rules and moral criteria. In the book, A handbook of Critical Approaches in Literature, John K. Willingham overly mentions that The superego serves to repress or mortify the drives of the id, to block off and thrust back into the unconscious those impulses toward pleasure that society regards as unacceptable, such as overt aggression, inner passions, and the Oedipal instinct. Freud attributes the training of the superego to the p bental influence that manifests itself in terms of punishment for what society see to its being bad behavior and reward for what society forecasts good behavior. An overactive superego creates an unconscious sense of guilt4. If one only follows social taboos and neglects his or her own looking at and desire, probably he or she becomes a machine which is runned by rules.Thus, the superego is in draw opposition to the id. The superego determines which desire the id contains can be fulfilled. And the ego, or the conscious self that experience the external world through the senses, between id and superego, and all three are defined by their relationship no acts independently of the others a compound in one al ways involves changes in the other both. Then if can be concluded that the ego is the balance between the id and the superego. In this way, the ego is, to a large degree, the product of conflicts between what the society says we cannot have and what we want to have.. Historical BackgroundAs superego is what the society says, historical background must be introduced so that a better understanding of the mental fight back of Dimmesdale can be achieved. Puritans came to New England to practice their religion, which is their chief incentive when they came to the immature world. In this new world, they ceremonious a small civilized fraternity out of the wilderness. At the beginning, they had to fight against nature here the nature refers to the environment that had not been intruded by human being, in order to live. But later, they combated human naturesuppressing natural joys and pleasure, negating all passion, which they considered as wilderness. Puritans pretended that their own civilization had not and should not have any of the elements of the wilderness in it. They are, in fact, the enemies of nature and pretend to embody everything that is the opposite of the wilderness and nature. They focus on society and civilization extremely. All that they embrace is part of civilization the church, apparitional education, intellect rather than emotion rigid forms and rules rather than freedom.5Because P uritans believe that God will punish the whole community if only one member of the community did bad behavior. So that is why Puritans are so aggressive in punishing moral infraction.. Conflicts manifested in DimmesdaleAs has mentioned above, the id is peoples desire of all kinds, such as the sexual desire, passion and ambition. All these three are possessed by Dimmesdale. Although these are in the nature of human being, they are considered as wilderness and moderate by the Puritans society. Dimmesdale, in the eyes of local governors, his colleagues and the coun render members, is a holy minister. But first of all, he is a human being and a full-blooded young man, thus he possesses sexual desire, passion and ambition which is suppressed by the society. Dimmesdale is in a dilemma, on one hand, his id orders him to fulfill his pleasure, disregarding the social rules and moral criteria on the other hand, his consciousness, reason and morality prevents him from doing bad things. Conse quently, Dimmesdale is always in conflicts which can be explained by many examples in the novel.As stated above, the id is our desire of all kind such as sexual desire, which is in the nature of human being. But the sexual passion is repressed by the superego. The cherry-red letter A stands for adultery, which is the essence from sexual passion of Hester and Dimmesdale. Thus, Dimmesdale does have. In order to satisfy his sexual desire, he slept with a woman who is already married to soul else. As it is said before, the Puritan society established cruel punishment for these who had committed crime and the punishment for adultery in that time was death sentence. If a woman commits adultery, one can easily see from her somatogenetic form. For example, people can easily see that Hester has slept with other man because of the absence of her husband, in that she gave kin to a child. Consequently, she is punished by the society. Dimmesdale is a man, one can not tell whether he has com mitted adultery or not from his bodily form. But does this mean that he is free from the social laws? No. Superego manifests itself in punishment. Also, an overactive superego creates guilty feeling. Although Dimmesdale by concealing his secret isnt punished, everyday he is tortured by his guilty feeling. The guilty feeling manifests itself in the physical decline of Dimmesdale His form grew emaciated his voice, though still rich and sweet, had a certain melancholy vaticination of decay in it he was ofttimes observed, on any slight alarm or other sudden accident, to put his hand over his emotional state with first a flush and then a paleness, indicative of pain.6In Hawthornes point of view evil educated. The adultery committed by Dimmesdale is evil, because it not only breaks the law but also the moral ethics. Dimmesdale learns from the evil. And afterwards he obeys social rules. This can be explained by one example, that is when he returns from the forest where he and Hester hel d a long talk, he meets the youngest sister of them all. It was a maiden newly-won-and won by the Reverend Mr. Dimmesdales own sermon, on the Sabbath after his vigil-to barter the transitory pleasures of the world for the celestial hope that was to assume brighter substance as life grew dark around her, and which would gild the utter gloom with final glory. She was fair and pure as a lily that had bloomed in Paradise. The minister knew well that he was himself enshrined within the stainless sanctity of her heart, which hung its snowy curtains about his image, imparting to religion the warmth of love, and to love a apparitional purity. Satan, that afternoon, had surely led the poor young girl out-of-door from her mothers side, and thrown her into the pathway of this sorely tempted, or-shall we not rather say?-this lost and desperate man. As she drew nigh, the arch-fiend whispered him to condense into small compass, and drop into her tender bosom a germ of evil that would be sure t o blossom darkly soon, and conceptualize black fruit betimes.7He wants to take advantage of her to satisfy his sexual desire, but the consciousness, the ego, stops him from doing wrong thing again. Then the result is that So-with a mightier struggle than he had yet sustained-he held his Geneva cloak before his face, and hurried onward, making no sign of recognition, and leaving the young sister to digest his rudeness as she might.8This example can outperform explain that Dimmesdale learns from his misdoing and now he can balance the id and superego better. While superego is one of the psychic agencies that can repress or inhibit the drives of the id, such as sexual desire, if one only follows social rules, he might become something that is unnatural. For example, Dimmesdale charters the community to think that he is too pure to consider a sexual union even in marriage by refusing others suggestion that he should get married for the sake of his wellness.While he represses his sexu al passion and pretends to be saintly, he attempts to confess the truth of his passionate nature as well as his act, of course in comfortably safe and familiar terms. At the same time, he also attempts to confess his evil. And this can be seen in his midnight vigil. He stands on the scaffold, and speaks out the secret which he dare not say in the broad daylight.Dimmesdale not only possesses sexual passion, but also the passion of another kind, anger. Dimmesdale, a pale and passive minister in others eyes, possesses anger, which is a decided part of his elemental nature, which is the id of Dimmesdale. But it is not like sexual passion which he suppresses and refuses to acknowledge to the rest of the community, Dimmesdale loses his temper twice in the novel. The first time he loses his temper in when Chillingworth asks him to confess his secret to him, but Dimmesdale refuses and walks out of the room. And the old physician observes But see, now, how passion takes hold upon this man, and hurrieth him out of himself As with one passion so with another. He hath done a wild thing ere now, this pious Master Dimmesdale, in the hot passion of his heart.9Another example is when in the forest, Hester tells Dimmesdale the identity of Chillingworth, Dimmesdales fury is described as the violence of passion.10AmbitionThe id refers not only to sexual desire and passion, but also ambition, which is also, lies in human being. Ambition, on one hand, is the content of the id, which is the nature of human being on the other hand, it relates to the society, relates to what the society thinks and says. Dimmesdale, as described in the novel, is young clergyman, who had come from one of the great English universities, bringing all the learning of the age into our wild forest land. His eloquence and religious fervour had already given the glowing of high eminence in his profession. He was a person of very striking aspect, with a white, lofty, and impending brow large, brown, melanch oly eyes, and a mouth which, unless when he forcibly compressed it, was apt to be tremulous, expressing both nervous sensibility and a vast power of self restraint. Notwithstanding his high native gifts and scholar-like attainments, there was an air about this young minister-an apprehensive, a startled, a half-frightened look-as of a being who felt himself quite astray, and at a loss in the pathway of human existence, and could only be at ease in some seclusion of his own. Therefore, so far as his duties would permit, he trod in the shadowy by-paths, and thus unploughed himself simple and childlike, coming forth, when occasion was, with a freshness, and fragrance, and dewy purity of legal opinion, which, as many people said, affected them like tile speech of an angel.11He comes to the new world to the new world to fulfill his ambition that is his desire to be a great and reverend minister in the Puritan world. What Dimmesdale concerns most is not his lover Hester nor his child Pea rl, but what other people think about him and how it will affect his career. In the governors hall, when the governor and others want to take Pearl away from Hester, Dimmesdale does not stand out to help Hester until she asks for help. He helps Hester not because his love for her, but he is afraid that Hester may not keep the secret any longer. It is for his own sake the he speaks for Hester.In the forest, when Hester reveals the identity of Chillingworth to him, he only thinks of his secret being exposed. He confesses to Hester that he has lived with horror that someone might get a line out that Pearl looks like him and suspect that he is her father. When Dimmesdale returns to the town from his meeting with Hester, he feels relieved that she has not planned to leave Boston immediately. This can best illustrate his base ambition.The minister had inquired of Hester, with no little enkindle, the precise time at which the vessel might be expected to depart. It would probably be on th e fourth day from the present. This is most fortunate he had then said to himself. Now, why the Reverend Mr. Dimmesdale considered it so very fortunate we hesitate to reveal. Nevertheless-to hold zero back from the reader-it was because, on the third day from the present, he was to preach the Election Sermon and, as such an occasion formed an honorable epoch in the life of a New England Clergyman, he could not have chanced upon a more suitable mode and time of terminating his passe-partout career. At to the lowest degree, they shall say of me, thought this exemplary man, that I leave no public duty unperformed or ill-performed12ConclusionIt can be concluded that, the scarlet letter A on the bosom of Dimmesdale may stands for adultery, which is his sexual desire anguish, his strong passion and also ambition, his desire to success. Thus the scarlet letter A is the id of Dimmesdale, which is also his basic nature. But the society in which he lives fight against all these human natur e, Dimmesdale on one hand wants to satisfy all his desire on the other hand, he is aware of social rules and moral ethics and cares about what the society says. Consequently Dimmesdale is in a dilemma.Health Promotion Plan Older raftHealth Promotion Plan Older PeopleCaspersen .et .al (1985) defined physical natural action as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that result in energy expenditure.The aim of this essay is to plan a health promotion based on older people. Inactivity can lead to health problems, such as obesity, coronary heart illness, stroke, cardiovascular disease and also accident prevention. This assignment will present a series of evidence based on the intervention and will use current theories and models of health that can help prevent, increase and maintain the uptake of physical activity among older adult. These will be formulated through the integration of published scientific literatures. This start out will involve identifying and producing f indings which will include the characteristics of determinant of health and health inequality, such as age, belief, class, environment psychosocial whilst applying the Beattie health promotion model in fraternity of specialism and awareness of ethical implication when taking part in health planning.The rationale of choosing this group is because, due to their age they have reduce physical activity. The proportions of older people in the population are increasing quickly and older people are less active. According to Health Education Authority (HEA 1995b) three out of ten men (33%) and four out of ten women (38%) older between 55 and 74 years are sedentary (i.e. participate in less than half an hour of moderate intensity physical activity a week). It is known that health-related problems increase with both age and inactivity (Mathers et.al 1999, WHO 1996). Hoffman et.al (1996), Rice et.al (1996) pointed out that 85% of individual aged 65-100 years have at least one chronic conditio n (cardiovascular disease, CHD, stroke, obesity, diabetes, etc) and the numbers continue to grow with advancing in age. However, evidence showing the rate of progression and severity of many diseases in older people can be prevented, minimized or delayed with the provision of effective health promotion programmes, therapeutic exercise or physical activities (Harvey 1991, Nutbeam et.al 1993). However, older adults are more likely to pull out of exercise programs than younger ones. Paterson (1982), Acheson (1998), Naidoo Wills (2005) argue that cured people, for example, may have different health expectations from those who are young, as may those who live in poverty compared with those who live more affluently.Health Promotion represents a comprehensive social and political process, not only embracing actions directed at strengthening the skills and capabilities of individuals, but also action directed towards changing social, environmental, and economic conditions so as to improv e their impact on public and individual health (WHO 1998b) but also defined as the process of enabling people to increase manoeuvre over, and to improve their health (Ewles Simnett, 1996). The existence Health Organisation (WHO, 1946) defined health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. This definition is suitable for all groups who need to change to a developmental process Therefore this is evidence that peoples health will be resolved by the factor surrounding them such as their beliefs, age, environment etc. Health promotion must be seen in preventing ill health and enhancing positively charged health. It must also try to develop positive health with an eye for prevention for example, encouragement to physical exercise, through cycling, running and walking. Blaxter . However, Williams (1983) studied the health beliefs of elderly people living(a) in Aberdeen, found that people could consider themselv es, or others, healthy even though they may be badly diseased.The health of an individuals and populations can be affected positively and negatively by a range of interrelated factors influencing the determinant health (Keleher et.al (2002), Townsend et.al (1988), Acheson (1998). as a concept and set of applicatory strategies which remains as an essential guide in addressing the major health challenges faced by developing and developed nations, including communicable and non-communicable diseases and issues related to human development and health. Dahlgren and Whitehead (1991), Acheson (1998) see determinants of health as individual influenced by intrapersonal ( such as age, personal confidence, education, social class, and behavioural attributes and skills), socio-cultural, ( these include social support from peers, social support from ones spouse or family, and influence of a general practitioner), policy and physical-environmental, ( these include climate and seasonal factors, a ccess to physical programmes and facilities), factors such as living and working conditions, and community characteristics which are important to the changing and understanding adult health behaviours. Acheson report (1998), Naidoo and Wills (2005) and WHO (2003) for example, all pointed out that social environmental determinants are highly associated with health. The Office of National Statistics (2007a), Wilkinson (1986) also reported that major causes of sickness and death are circulatory diseases for example, coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, cancers and respiratory disease, while Stansfield Marmot (2001) suggested that there may be other links between CHD and psychosocial factors, such as stress and lack of social support, depression and anger. Britton Macpherson (2000) also contributed that physical inactivity, smoking and elevated blood cholesterol are major risk factors for CHD. Fennel et.al (1988) pointed out that growing old is far from necessarily accompanied by be coming sick. Again, in the late 1980s, this was considerably higher among those in higher social classes and the differences increased over the period from the late 1970s to the late 1980s, particularly for women. However, the social germinate in classes according to the Office for National Statistics (2008), Townsend et al (1982) Acheson (1998) and Vent and Wise (1991, 1989) suggests that people in the lower social classes working in unhealthy conditions are more likely to experience poor health, life expectancy, longstanding illness and premature deaths than those in social classes I and II.Caplan (1964) argues that the prevention of disease takes places at different levels. The level of intervention is set out in three main approaches for health promotion action the downstream primary care approach, the midstream lifestyles/behaviourist approach and the upstream socioecological approach (Murphy Keleher, 2003). Prevention is the notion of reducing the risk of occurrence of a dis ease process, illness, injury, disability, handicap or some other unwanted phenomenon or state (Tannahill et.al 1996). According to Naidoo and Wills (2000) tertiary prevention is reducing further disability and suffering in those already ill, preventing recurrence of an illness e.g. rehabilitation, patient education and palliative care.It will address a normative need of the elderly. According to Ewles Simnett (1996) normative need is a need defined by an expert or professional according to her own standards, if it falls short of the standards there is no need. Normative need is based on the value judgements of professional experts, which may lead to two problems. Expert opinion varies over what the suitable standard and the other values and standards of the experts may differ from those of their clients (Ewles Simnett, 1996).According to Ewles Simnett (1996) all planning should have aims and objectives.The aim of the initiative is to raise awareness of the connection between i nadequate exercise and coronary heart disease and how the elderly can partake in reducing their pic to the disease.Cognitive Objective is making sure the client understands any given information and the development of intellectual skills (Bloom, 1956).Affective objective is the manner of ways client emotions are dealt with such as feelings, values, appreciation, enthusiasms, motivations and attitudes (Krathwohl et.al., 1973) .Psychomotor objective is concerned about client physical movement, coordination, and use of the motor-skill areas (Simpson, 1972).Planning helps elderly people to increase control over their own health, which is the aim of health promotion. Older people who attend the primary care setting have 10 minutes walk, which they find beyond their functional ability. In such a case it is appropriate to support specific activities to help improve mobility and muscular strength and it might require a specialist instruction and supervision from a trained practioner (Ewles Simnett, 1996).According to Beattie (1991) he suggested that there are four paradigms for health promotion. They are produced from the aspect of mode of intervention, which ranges from classical to negotiated and they lay asHealth Persuasion This intervention is directed at individual and led by professionals.Personal Counselling This intervention is based on client led and focus on personal development that is the health promoter acts as a facilitator rather than an expert.Community Counselling This intervention is a similar way to personal counselling that is seeking to enhance the skills of a group or local community.The chosen mode of intervention which will be used is the personal counselling for health because it brings together individual factors explaining physical activity that is attitudes, beliefs, and values psychological characteristics such as enjoyment, motivation, perceived health and fitness, barriers, and physical activity self-efficacy (Sallis and Owen, 1999).S trengths are according to NICE (2006)Referral to well-trained staff who can draw on a range of experience and training including behavioural change theory that is physical activity expertise and experience in working with people with specific conditions.Programmes should offer a range of choice of activity and or a choice of venue.Programmes offering ongoing support in the community ideally linked to a support environment for physical activity.Programmes run in conjunction with partners often from the local authority or voluntary sector.Weaknesses are according to NICE (2006)Role or capabilities of individual health professionals.Lack of necessary systems in place within primary care, which limits the ongoing and systematic promotion of physical activity.Lack of a prevention culture within primary care.Lack of pellucidness and consistency on what constitutes an exercise specialist.Few incentives to promote physical activity within primary care systems.A pressure to demonstrate cos t military capabilityAutonomy refers to a persons capacity to choose freely for themselves, the ability to make rational choices and the ability to act on ones environment. Ewles Simnett (1996) suggested that there are different ways in helping a client to take control over their health encouraging people to make their own decisions and resist the advice to take over the decision-making. It is also used to support people to think for themselves, even if this takes much longer than simply telling them.Autonomy can be obstructedIf you enforce your own solution on your clients problemsTelling them that their ideas are no good and will not work, without giving an adequate explanation or opportunity to try them outTelling them what to do because they are taking too long to think it out for themselvesTannahill et.al (1996) defined evaluation as the comparison of an object of interest against a standard of acceptability. The reasons to evaluate are toTo measure the extent to which proje cts are achieving their main objectives.To update the development of materials and methods. Evaluation helps to compare different looms or consider new refinement in methodologyTo guarantee ethical practice, that is health promotion activities planning to influence peoples lives in health-enhancing manner.According to Tannahill et.al (1996) evaluation can be classified according to the exact aspect of the programme, which is to be evaluated that is, the process and product or outcome. Long-term health promotion programmes will have objectives about changes in health status and evaluated in terms of outcome. Process evaluation allows analysis of the factor aspect of a project, that is yielding detailed information of direct grandeur to the development of materials and methods, the understanding of the relevant and reproduction of approach to other settings. Naidoo Wills (2000) also stated that process evaluation employed a wide range of qualitative or soft methods. For example, suc h methods are interviews, diaries, observation and content analysis of documents. The product or outcome evaluation deals with these questions. It is essential to differentiate between the final outcome, (such as health status) and other outcomes, (such as cognitive or behavioural outcomes), that are directly related to the programme objectives. According to Naidoo Wills (2000) outcome evaluation is often the preferred evaluation method because it measures sustained changes that had stood the test of time. Health promotion needs to been seen as contributing to the ultimate outcome but measures with more direct alliance to health promotion projects in measuring the suitable effects of an intervention.In conclusion the essay has shown older people inactivity can lead to health problems, such as obesity, coronary heart disease, stroke, cardiovascular disease, and how health is defined according to the group involves different determinants of health affecting older people. It also sho ws measuring health is not a simple task and lack of agreement about which are the best ways to measure health exits. Finally, the use of different kinds of criteria is explored.

Analysis of QoS Parameters

psychoanalysis of QoS Para sentencesChapter 3 3. Analysis of QoS Parameters 3.1 IntroductionA Number of QoS 11 of parameters crumb be measured and monitored to invite wind whether a work level spreeed or veritable is being achieved. These parameters consist of the following1. interlock availability 2. Bandwidth 3. Delay 4. Jitter 5. deviation3.1.1 Ne dickensrk AvailabilityNe twork availability can have a con successive effect on QoS. Simply put, if the communicate is not giveable, even during short periods of duration, the substance abuser or activity whitethorn achieve unpredictable or unwanted surgery (QoS) 11. Network availability is the summation of the availability of many items that argon utilise to create a interlock. These include communicate cheat redundancy, e.g. redundant interfaces, central touch unit cards or power supplies in r forthers and switches, resilient networking protocols, duple physical connections, e.g. fiber or copper, allayer power sour ces etc. Network hookers can annex their networks availability by devouring varying degrees of for each one item.3.1.2 BandwidthBandwidth is one of the most important QoS parameter. It can be separate in to two cases 1. Guaranteed bandwidth 2. uncommitted bandwidth3.1.2.1 Guaranteed bandwidthNetwork operators project a expediency that issues minimum BW and burst BW in the SLA. Because the guaranteed BW the service cost steeper as comp atomic number 18 to the on hand(predicate) BW service. So the service providers must(prenominal) ensure the special treatment to the subscribers who have got the guaranteed BW service. The network operator separates the subscribers by different physical or analytical networks in round cases, e.g., VLANs, Virtual Circuits, etc. In virtually cases, the guaranteed BW service occupation may sh be the uniform network infrastructure with accessible BW service concern. We practically use to see the case at location where network connectio ns be high-priced or the bandwidth is leased from an other(a) service provider. When subscribers sh ar the said(prenominal) network infrastructure, the subscribers of the guaranteed BW service must study the anteriority everywhere the available BW subscribers profession so that in time of networks congestion the guaranteed BW subscribers SLAs be met. Burst BW can be specify in monetary value of amount and duration of excess BW (burst) supra the guaranteed minimum. QoS mechanism may be activated to avoid or discard trade that use systematically above the guaranteed minimum BW that the subscriber agree to in the SLA.3.1.2.2 Available bandwidthAs we know network operators have fix Bandwidth, except to get much than return on the investment of their network infrastructure, they oversubscribe the BW. By oversubscribing the BW a user is subscribed to be no forever available to them. This allows users to compete for available BW. They get to a greater extent or less BW it depends upon the amount of traffic form other users on the network at any given time. Available bandwidth is a technique commonly utilize over consumer ADSL networks, e.g., a customer signs up for a 384-kbps service that provides no QoS (BW) guarantee in the SLA. The SLA closures step forward that the 384-kbps is measurement but does not call for any guarantees. down the stairs lightly loaded conditions, the 384-kbps BW go away be available to the users but upon network loaded condition, this BW leave alone not be available consistently. It can be noticed during veritable times of the sidereal day when number of users access the network.3.1.3 DelayNetwork stay on is the transit time an employment experiences from the ingress (entering) point to the egress (exit) point of the network. Delay can cause significant QoS issues with application such as television system conferencing and fax transmission that simply time- turn out and last-place under excessive detainme nt conditions. almost applications can compensate for abject amounts of stand up but formerly a certain amount is exceeded, the QoS becomes compromised.For ensample almost networking equipment can spoof an SNA session on a host by providing local acknowledgements when the network stickup would cause the SNA session to time out. Similarly, VoIP gateways and phones provide some local cushioning to compensate for network delay. there can be twain fixed and variable delays. Examples of fixed delays are coat found delay, e.g., join codec process time and IP software program creation time by the transmission control protocol/IP software tummyData transmission (queuing delay) over the physical network media at each network hop. Propagation delay across the network base on transmission distance Examples of variable delays are Ingress queuing delay for traffic entering a network inspissation Contention with other traffic at each network node Egress queuing delay for traffic exiting a network node3.1.4 Jitter (Delay Variation)Jitter is the difference in delay presented by different bundles that are take leave of the analogous traffic flow. noble frequency delay variation is known as jitter and the low frequency delay variation is known as wander. primitive cause of jitter is basically the differences in queue gestate times for consecutive parcel of lands in a flow and this is the most significant issue for QoS. concern fonts in articulationicular real time traffic such as icon conferencing can not tolerate jitter. Differences in parcel boat arrival times cause in the region. All send out system exhibit some jitter. As immense as jitter limits below the defined tolerance level, it does not affect service quality.3.1.5 LossLoss either bit errors or sheaf fall aways has a significant impact on VoIP services as equalise to the data services. During the transmission of the voice, red ink of multiple packets may cause an audible pour do wn that will become irritating to the user. Now as compare to the voice transmission, in data transmission button of single bit or multiple packets of information will not effect the whole communication and is almost never noticed by users. In case of real time video conferencing, consecutive packet loss may cause a momentary glitch (defect) on the screen, but the video so proceeds as in front. withal, if packet expels get increase, then the quality of the transmission overcomes. For minimum quality rate of packet loss must be less than 5% and less then 1% for toll quality.When the network node will be congested, it will drop the packets and by this the loss will occur. transmission control protocol (Transmission Control Protocol) is one of the networking protocols that flip packets loss protection by the retransmission of packets that may have been dropped by the network. When network congestion will be increased, more packets will be dropped and hence in that location wi ll be more transmission control protocol transmission. If congestion continues the network mathematical process will obviously degrade because much of the BW is being used for the retransmission of dropped packets. transmission control protocol will eventually reduce its transmission window coat, due to this reduction in window size smaller packets will be transmitted this will eventually reduce congestion, resulting in fewer packets being dropped. Because congestion has a direct influence on packet loss, congestion avoidance mechanism is often deployed. One such mechanism is called Random Early Discard (RED). RED algorithms randomly and intentionally drop packets once the traffic reaches one or more configured threshold. RED provides more efficient congestion management for TCP-establish flows.3.1.5.1 Emission prioritiesIt determines the order in which traffic is transmitted as it exits a network node. Traffic with higher discharge antecedency is transmitted a head of traffic with a decline firing antecedence. Emission priorities also determine the amount of rotational latency introduced to the traffic by the network nodes queuing mechanism. For example, email which is a delay tolerant application will get the lower emission precession as compare to the delay gauzy real time applications such as voice or video. These delay sensitive applications can not be buffered but are being transmitted while the delay tolerant applications may be buffered.In a innocent way we can say that emission priorities use a simple transmit priority scheme whereby higher emission priority traffic is always transmitted ahead of lower emission priority traffic. This is typically accomplished using strict priority programming (queuing) the downside of this climb up is that low emission priority queues may never get services (starved) it there is always higher emission priority traffic with no BW rate limiting.A more detailed scheme provides a weighted scheduling approac h to the transmission of the traffic to improve fairness, i.e., the lower emission priority traffic is transmitted. Finally, some emission priority schemes provide a mixture of both priority and weighted schedulers.3.1.5.2 Discarded prioritiesAre used to determine the order in which traffic gets discarded. due(p) to the network congestion packets may be get dropped i.e., the traffic exceeds its prescribed amount of BW for some period of time. When the network will be congested, traffic with a higher discard priority will get drop as compare to the traffic with a lower discard priority. Traffic with identical QoS performance can be sub carve up using discard priorities. This allows the traffic to receive the same performance when the network node is not congested. However, when the network node gets congested, the discard priority is used to drop the more suitable traffic first. Discard priorities also allow traffic with the same emission priority to be discarded when the traffic is out of write. With out discard priorities traffic would need to be separated into different queues in a network node to provide service differentiation. This can be expensive since only a limited number of hardware queues (typically eight or less) are available on networking devices. Some devices may have software establish queues but as these are increasingly used, network node performance is typically reduced.With discard priorities, traffic can be determined in the same queue but in effect the queue is sub divided into virtual queues, each with a different discard priority. For example if a harvesting supports three discard priorities, then one hardware queues in effect provides three QoS Levels.Performance holding Application Bandwidth Sensitivity to Delay Jitter Loss VoIP grim high-pitched High modal(a) icon Conf High High High Medium Streaming Video on Demand High Medium Medium Medium Streaming Audio Low Medium Medium Medium Client Server proceeding Medium Medium Low High email Low Low Low High File Transfer Medium Low Low High give in 3.1 Application performance dimensions (use histogram)Table 3.1 illustrates the QoS performance dimensions hired by some common applications. Applications can have very different QoS pick outments. As these are mixed over a common IP transport network, without applying QoS the network traffic will experience unpredictable behavior.3.2 Categorizing ApplicationsNetworked applications can be categorized based on end user application requirements. Some applications are amongst people while other applications are a person and a networked device application, e.g., a PC and clear server. Finally, some networking devices, e.g., router-to-router. Table 3.2 categorizes applications into four different traffic categories1. Network Control 2. responsive 3. synergistic 4. TimelyTraffic social anatomy Example Application Network Control vituperative Alarm, routing, billing ETC. Responsive Streaming Audio/Video , Client/Server Transaction interactional VoIP, Interactive gaming, Video Conferencing Timely Email, Non Critical Table 3.2 Application Categorization3.2.1 Network Control ApplicationsSome applications are used to control the operations and administration of the network. much(prenominal) application include network routing protocols, billing applications and QoS observe and measuring for SLAs. These applications can be subdivided into those required for critical and standard network operating conditions. To create high availability networks, network control applications require priority over end user applications because if the network is not operating properly, end user application performance will suffer.3.2.2 Responsive applicationsSome applications are between a person and networked devices applications to be responsive so a quick response back to the transmitter (source) is required when the request is being sent to the networking device. sometimes these applications are re ferred to as being near real time. These near real time applications require relatively low packet delay, jitter and loss. However QoS requirements for the responsive applications are not as stringent as real time, interactional application requirements. This category includes streaming media and customer server web based applications. Streaming media application includes Internet radio and audio / video broadcasts (news, training, education and motion pictures). Streaming applications e.g. videos require the network to be responsive when they are initiated so the user doesnt continue for long time before the media begins playing. For certain types of signaling these applications require the network to be responsive also. For example with movie on demand when a user changes channels or forward, rewinds or pause the media user expects the application to react similarly to the response time of there remote control. The Client / server web applications typically involve the user se lecting a hyperlink to jump from one page to another or arouse a request etc. These applications also require the network to be responsive such that once the hyperlink to be responsive such that once the hyperlink is selected, a response. This can be achieved over a top hat effort network with the help of broadband internet connection as compare to dial up. fiscal transaction may be included in these types of application, e.g., place credit card order and quickly provide feedback to the user indicating that either the transaction has undefiled or not. Otherwise the user may be unsure to initiate a duplicate order. Alternatively the user may assume that the order was placed correctly but it may not have. In either case the user will not be satisfied with the network or applications performance.Responsive applications can use either UDP or TCP based transport. Streaming media applications typically use UDP because in UDP it would not be fruitful to transmit the data. sack up base d applications are based on the hypertext transport protocol and always use TCP, for web based application packet loss can be managed by transmission control protocol (TCP) which retransmit bewildered packets. In case of retransmission of lost streaming media is sufficiently buffered. If not then the lost packets are discarded. This results in the form of distortion in media.3.2.3 Interactive ApplicationsSome applications are interactive whereby two or more people communicate or move actively. The differentiateicipants expect the real time response from the networked applications. In this context real time means that there is minimal delay (latency) and delay variations (jitter) between the sender and receiver. Some interactive applications, such as a telephone call, have operated in real time over the telephone companies circuit switched networks for over vitamin C years. The QoS expectations for voice applications have been set and therefore must also be achieved for packetize d voice such as VoIP.Other interactive applications include video conferencing and interactive gaming. Since the interactive applications operate in real time, packet loss must be minimise. Interactive applications typically are UDP based (Universal Datagram Protocol) and hence cannot retransmit lost or dropped packets as with TCP based applications. However it would not be beneficial to retransmit the packets because interactive applications are time based. For example if a voice packet was lost. It doesnt make sense to retransmit the packet because the conservations between the sender and receiver have already progressed and the lost packet might be from part of the conversation that has already passed in time.3.2.4 Timely ApplicationsThere are some applications which do not require real time performance between a person and networked devices application but do require the information to be delivered in a timely manner. Such example includes save and send or forward email applica tions and file transfer. The relative impressiveness of these applications is based on their business priorities. These applications require that packets get to with abounded amount of delay. For example, if an email takes few minutes to arrive at its destination, this is acceptable. However if we consider it in a business environment, if an email takes 10 minutes to arrive at its destination, this will often not acceptable. The same bounded delay applies to file transfer. Once a file transfer is initiated, delay and jitter are illogical because file transfer often take minutes to complete. It is important to note that timely applications use TCP based transport instead of UDP based transport and therefore packet loss is managed by TCP which retransmit any lost packets resulting in no packet loss.By summarizing above paragraph we can say that timely applications expect the network QoS to provide packets with a bounded amount of delay not more than that. Jitter has a negligible ef fect on these types of applications. Loss is reduced to zero due to TCPs retransmission mechanism.3.3 QoS centering ArchitectureWe can divide QoS management computer architecture of VoIP into two planes data plane and control plane. Packet classification, shaping, policing, buffer management, scheduling, loss recovery, and error top are involved in the mechanism of data plane. They implement the actions the network needs to take on user packets, in order to enforce different class services. Mechanisms which come in control plane are resource provisioning, traffic engineering, admission control, resource reservation and connection management etc.3.3.1 Data run down 3.3.1.1 Packet ForwardingIt consists of Classifier, Marker, Meter, Shaper / Dropper. When a packet is received, a packet classifier is used to determine which flow or class the packet belongs to.Those packets belong to the same flow/class obey a predefined notice and are processed in an a kindred manner. The basic crit eria of classification for VoIP applications could be IP address, TCP/UDP port, IP precedence, protocol, input port, DiffServ code points (DSCP), or Ethernet 802.1p class of service (CoS). Cisco supports several additional criteria such as access list and traffic profile. The purpose of the meter is to decide whether the packet is in traffic profile or not. The Shaper/Dropper drops the packets which crossed the limits of traffic profile to bring in conformance to authoritative network load. A watcher is used to mark the certain field in the packet, such as DS field, to label the packet type for differential gear treatment later. After the traffic conditioner, buffer is used for packet storage that waits for transmission.3.3.1.2 Buffer Management and SchedulingActive queue management (RED) drops packets before the repletion of the queue can avoid the problem of partial resource enjoyment. Predictable queuing delay and bandwidth sharing can be achieved by putting the flows into d ifferent queues and treating individually. Schedulers of this type can not be scaled as overhead increases as the number of on-going traffic increases. Solution is class-based schedulers such as diffidence Based WFQ and nonmoving antecedency which schedule traffic in a class-basis fashion. But for the individual flow it would be difficult to get the predictable delay and bandwidth sharing. So heraldic bearing must be taken to apply this to voice application which has strict delay requirements.3.3.1.3 Loss RecoveryWe can classify loss recovery into two ways one is Active recovery and the other is Passive recovery. We have retransmission in Active recovery and Forward Error Correction (Adding redundancy) in peaceful recovery. Retransmission may not be suitable for VoIP because of it latency of packets increases.3.3.2 Control Plane 3.3.2.1 Resource provisioning and Traffic EngineeringRefers to the configuration of resources for applications in the network. In industry, main approa ch of resource provisioning is over provisioning, abundantly providing resources. Factors that make this agreeable are cost of bandwidth and network planning, cost of bandwidth in the backbone is decreasing day by day and network planning is becoming simpler.3.3.2.2Traffic EngineeringIt principally focuses to keep the control on network means to minimize the over- drill of a particular portion of the network while the capacity is available elsewhere in the network. The two methods used to provide powerful tools for traffic engineering are Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) and Constraint Based Routing (CBR). These are the mechanisms through which a certain amount of network resources can be reserved for the potential voice traffic along the paths which are determined by Constraint Based Routing or other shortest path routing algorithms.3.3.2.3 Admission ControlAdmission control is used to limit the resource usage of voice traffic within the amount of the specified resources. Th ere is no provision of admission control in IP networks so it can offer only best effort service. Parameter based Admission Control provides delay guaranteed service to applications which can be accurately described, such as VoIP. In case of bursty traffic, it is difficult to describe traffic characteristics which makes this type to overbook network resources and therefore lowers network utilization. To limit the amount of traffic over any period it uses definitive traffic descriptors (typical example is token bucket). Different algorithms used in parameter based admission control are Ciscos resource reservation based (RSVP). recitation based (compares with a threshold, based on utilization value at runtime it decides to admit or reject). Per-flow end-to-end guaranteed delay service (Computes bandwidth requirements and compares with available resource to make decision). Class-based admission control.3.4 Performance Evaluation in VoIP applications 3.4.1 passim DelayWhen End to End delay exceeds a certain value, the interactive ness becomes more like a half-duplex communication. There can be of two type of delay 1) Delays due to processing and transmission of speech 2) Network delay (delay that is the result of processing with in the system)Network delay = Fixed part + variable partFixed part depends upon the performance of the network nodes on the transmission path, transmission and reference delay and the capacity of links between the nodes. changeable part is the time spent in the queues which depends on the network load. Queuing delay can be minimized by using the advanced scheduling mechanisms e.g. Priority queuing. IP packet delay can be reduced by sending shorter packets instead of nightlong packets. Useful technique for voice delay reduction on WAN is link fragmentation and interleaving. Fragment the lower packet into smaller packets and between those small packets VOICE packets are sent.3.4.2 Delay JitterDelay variation, also known as jitter, creates hurdle in the proper reconstruction of voice packets in their passe-partout sequential form. It is defined as difference in keep down end-to-end delay of two consecutive packets in the flow. In order to remove jitter, it requires collecting and storing packets long enough to permit the slowest packets to arrive in order to be played in the correct sequence.Solution is to employ a play out buffer at the receiver to absorb the jitter before outputting the audio stream. Packets are buffered until their scheduled play out time arrives. Scheduling a later deadline increases the speculation of playing out more packets and results in lower loss rate, but at the cost of higher buffering delay.Techniques for Jitter Absorption Setting the same play out time for all the packets for entire session or for the duration of each session. Adaptive adjusting of play out time during silence periods regarding to current network everlastingly adapting the play out time for each packet, t his requires the scoring of voice packets to maintain continued play out.3.4.3 Frame Eraser (F.E)It actually happens at that time when the IP packet carrying speech trap does not arrive at the receiver side in time. There may be loss of single frame or a block of frames. Techniques used to encounter the frame erasure Forward Error Correction (requires additional processing) depends on the rate and distribution of the losses. Loss concealment (replaces lost frames by playing the last success extensivey received frame) effective only at low loss rate of a single frame.High F.E and delays can become troublesome because it can lead to a longer period of corrupt voice. The speech quality perceived by the listener is based on F.E levels that occur on the exit from the jitter buffer after the Forward Error Correction has been employed. To reduce levels of frame loss, Assured forwarding service helps to reduce network packet loss that occur because of full queues in network nodes.3.4.4 O ut of Order Packet DeliveryThis type of problem occurs in the decomposable topology where number of paths exists between the sender and the receiver. At the receiving end the receiving system must rearrange received packets in the correct order to reconstruct the original speech signal.Techniques for OUT-OF-ORDER PACKET DELIVERYIt is also through with(p) by Jitter buffer whose functionality now became Re-ordering out of order packets ( based on sequence number) Elimination of JitterAnalysis of QoS ParametersAnalysis of QoS ParametersChapter 3 3. Analysis of QoS Parameters 3.1 IntroductionA Number of QoS 11 of parameters can be measured and monitored to determine whether a service level offered or received is being achieved. These parameters consist of the following1. Network availability 2. Bandwidth 3. Delay 4. Jitter 5. Loss3.1.1 Network AvailabilityNetwork availability can have a important effect on QoS. Simply put, if the network is not available, even during short periods of time, the user or application may achieve unpredictable or undesirable performance (QoS) 11. Network availability is the summation of the availability of many items that are used to create a network. These include network device redundancy, e.g. redundant interfaces, processor cards or power supplies in routers and switches, resilient networking protocols, multiple physical connections, e.g. fiber or copper, backup power sources etc. Network operators can increase their networks availability by implementing varying degrees of each item.3.1.2 BandwidthBandwidth is one of the most important QoS parameter. It can be divided in to two types 1. Guaranteed bandwidth 2. Available bandwidth3.1.2.1 Guaranteed bandwidthNetwork operators offer a service that provides minimum BW and burst BW in the SLA. Because the guaranteed BW the service costs higher as compare to the available BW service. So the service providers must ensure the special treatment to the subscribers who have got the guara nteed BW service. The network operator separates the subscribers by different physical or logical networks in some cases, e.g., VLANs, Virtual Circuits, etc. In some cases, the guaranteed BW service traffic may share the same network infrastructure with available BW service traffic. We often use to see the case at location where network connections are expensive or the bandwidth is leased from another service provider. When subscribers share the same network infrastructure, the subscribers of the guaranteed BW service must get the priority over the available BW subscribers traffic so that in times of networks congestion the guaranteed BW subscribers SLAs are met. Burst BW can be specified in terms of amount and duration of excess BW (burst) above the guaranteed minimum. QoS mechanism may be activated to avoid or discard traffic that use consistently above the guaranteed minimum BW that the subscriber agreed to in the SLA.3.1.2.2 Available bandwidthAs we know network operators have f ixed Bandwidth, but to get more return on the investment of their network infrastructure, they oversubscribe the BW. By oversubscribing the BW a user is subscribed to be no always available to them. This allows users to compete for available BW. They get more or less BW it depends upon the amount of traffic form other users on the network at any given time. Available bandwidth is a technique commonly used over consumer ADSL networks, e.g., a customer signs up for a 384-kbps service that provides no QoS (BW) guarantee in the SLA. The SLA points out that the 384-kbps is standard but does not make any guarantees. Under lightly loaded conditions, the 384-kbps BW will be available to the users but upon network loaded condition, this BW will not be available consistently. It can be noticed during certain times of the day when number of users access the network.3.1.3 DelayNetwork delay is the transit time an application experiences from the ingress (entering) point to the egress (exit) poi nt of the network. Delay can cause significant QoS issues with application such as Video conferencing and fax transmission that simply time-out and final under excessive delay conditions. Some applications can compensate for small amounts of delay but once a certain amount is exceeded, the QoS becomes compromised.For example some networking equipment can spoof an SNA session on a host by providing local acknowledgements when the network delay would cause the SNA session to time out. Similarly, VoIP gateways and phones provide some local buffering to compensate for network delay. There can be both fixed and variable delays. Examples of fixed delays areApplication based delay, e.g., voice codec processing time and IP packet creation time by the TCP/IP software stackData transmission (queuing delay) over the physical network media at each network hop. Propagation delay across the network based on transmission distance Examples of variable delays are Ingress queuing delay for traffic en tering a network node Contention with other traffic at each network node Egress queuing delay for traffic exiting a network node3.1.4 Jitter (Delay Variation)Jitter is the difference in delay presented by different packets that are part of the same traffic flow. High frequency delay variation is known as jitter and the low frequency delay variation is known as wander. Primary cause of jitter is basically the differences in queue wait times for consecutive packets in a flow and this is the most significant issue for QoS. Traffic types especially real time traffic such as video conferencing can not tolerate jitter. Differences in packet arrival times cause in the voice. All transport system exhibit some jitter. As long as jitter limits below the defined tolerance level, it does not affect service quality.3.1.5 LossLoss either bit errors or packet drops has a significant impact on VoIP services as compare to the data services. During the transmission of the voice, loss of multiple pa ckets may cause an audible pop that will become irritating to the user. Now as compare to the voice transmission, in data transmission loss of single bit or multiple packets of information will not effect the whole communication and is almost never noticed by users. In case of real time video conferencing, consecutive packet loss may cause a momentary glitch (defect) on the screen, but the video then proceeds as before. However, if packet drops get increase, then the quality of the transmission degrades. For minimum quality rate of packet loss must be less than 5% and less then 1% for toll quality.When the network node will be congested, it will drop the packets and by this the loss will occur. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is one of the networking protocols that offer packets loss protection by the retransmission of packets that may have been dropped by the network. When network congestion will be increased, more packets will be dropped and hence there will be more TCP transm ission. If congestion continues the network performance will obviously degrade because much of the BW is being used for the retransmission of dropped packets. TCP will eventually reduce its transmission window size, due to this reduction in window size smaller packets will be transmitted this will eventually reduce congestion, resulting in fewer packets being dropped. Because congestion has a direct influence on packet loss, congestion avoidance mechanism is often deployed. One such mechanism is called Random Early Discard (RED). RED algorithms randomly and intentionally drop packets once the traffic reaches one or more configured threshold. RED provides more efficient congestion management for TCP-based flows.3.1.5.1 Emission prioritiesIt determines the order in which traffic is transmitted as it exits a network node. Traffic with higher emission priority is transmitted a head of traffic with a lower emission priority. Emission priorities also determine the amount of latency introd uced to the traffic by the network nodes queuing mechanism. For example, email which is a delay tolerant application will get the lower emission priority as compare to the delay sensitive real time applications such as voice or video. These delay sensitive applications can not be buffered but are being transmitted while the delay tolerant applications may be buffered.In a simple way we can say that emission priorities use a simple transmit priority scheme whereby higher emission priority traffic is always transmitted ahead of lower emission priority traffic. This is typically accomplished using strict priority scheduling (queuing) the downside of this approach is that low emission priority queues may never get services (starved) it there is always higher emission priority traffic with no BW rate limiting.A more detailed scheme provides a weighted scheduling approach to the transmission of the traffic to improve fairness, i.e., the lower emission priority traffic is transmitted. Fina lly, some emission priority schemes provide a mixture of both priority and weighted schedulers.3.1.5.2 Discarded prioritiesAre used to determine the order in which traffic gets discarded. Due to the network congestion packets may be get dropped i.e., the traffic exceeds its prescribed amount of BW for some period of time. When the network will be congested, traffic with a higher discard priority will get drop as compare to the traffic with a lower discard priority. Traffic with similar QoS performance can be sub divided using discard priorities. This allows the traffic to receive the same performance when the network node is not congested. However, when the network node gets congested, the discard priority is used to drop the more suitable traffic first. Discard priorities also allow traffic with the same emission priority to be discarded when the traffic is out of profile. With out discard priorities traffic would need to be separated into different queues in a network node to prov ide service differentiation. This can be expensive since only a limited number of hardware queues (typically eight or less) are available on networking devices. Some devices may have software based queues but as these are increasingly used, network node performance is typically reduced.With discard priorities, traffic can be placed in the same queue but in effect the queue is sub divided into virtual queues, each with a different discard priority. For example if a product supports three discard priorities, then one hardware queues in effect provides three QoS Levels.Performance Dimension Application Bandwidth Sensitivity to Delay Jitter Loss VoIP Low High High Medium Video Conf High High High Medium Streaming Video on Demand High Medium Medium Medium Streaming Audio Low Medium Medium Medium Client Server Transaction Medium Medium Low High Email Low Low Low High File Transfer Medium Low Low High Table 3.1 Application performance dimensions (use histogram)Table 3.1 illustrates the Qo S performance dimensions required by some common applications. Applications can have very different QoS requirements. As these are mixed over a common IP transport network, without applying QoS the network traffic will experience unpredictable behavior.3.2 Categorizing ApplicationsNetworked applications can be categorized based on end user application requirements. Some applications are between people while other applications are a person and a networked device application, e.g., a PC and web server. Finally, some networking devices, e.g., router-to-router. Table 3.2 categorizes applications into four different traffic categories1. Network Control 2. Responsive 3. Interactive 4. TimelyTraffic Category Example Application Network Control Critical Alarm, routing, billing ETC. Responsive Streaming Audio/Video, Client/Server Transaction Interactive VoIP, Interactive gaming, Video Conferencing Timely Email, Non Critical Table 3.2 Application Categorization3.2.1 Network Control Applicat ionsSome applications are used to control the operations and administration of the network. Such application include network routing protocols, billing applications and QoS monitoring and measuring for SLAs. These applications can be subdivided into those required for critical and standard network operating conditions. To create high availability networks, network control applications require priority over end user applications because if the network is not operating properly, end user application performance will suffer.3.2.2 Responsive applicationsSome applications are between a person and networked devices applications to be responsive so a quick response back to the sender (source) is required when the request is being sent to the networking device. Sometimes these applications are referred to as being near real time. These near real time applications require relatively low packet delay, jitter and loss. However QoS requirements for the responsive applications are not as stringe nt as real time, interactive application requirements. This category includes streaming media and client server web based applications. Streaming media application includes Internet radio and audio / video broadcasts (news, training, education and motion pictures). Streaming applications e.g. videos require the network to be responsive when they are initiated so the user doesnt wait for long time before the media begins playing. For certain types of signaling these applications require the network to be responsive also. For example with movie on demand when a user changes channels or forward, rewinds or pause the media user expects the application to react similarly to the response time of there remote control. The Client / server web applications typically involve the user selecting a hyperlink to jump from one page to another or submit a request etc. These applications also require the network to be responsive such that once the hyperlink to be responsive such that once the hyperl ink is selected, a response. This can be achieved over a best effort network with the help of broadband internet connection as compare to dial up. Financial transaction may be included in these types of application, e.g., place credit card order and quickly provide feedback to the user indicating that either the transaction has completed or not. Otherwise the user may be unsure to initiate a duplicate order. Alternatively the user may assume that the order was placed correctly but it may not have. In either case the user will not be satisfied with the network or applications performance.Responsive applications can use either UDP or TCP based transport. Streaming media applications typically use UDP because in UDP it would not be fruitful to retransmit the data. Web based applications are based on the hypertext transport protocol and always use TCP, for web based application packet loss can be managed by transmission control protocol (TCP) which retransmit lost packets. In case of re transmission of lost streaming media is sufficiently buffered. If not then the lost packets are discarded. This results in the form of distortion in media.3.2.3 Interactive ApplicationsSome applications are interactive whereby two or more people communicate or participate actively. The participants expect the real time response from the networked applications. In this context real time means that there is minimal delay (latency) and delay variations (jitter) between the sender and receiver. Some interactive applications, such as a telephone call, have operated in real time over the telephone companies circuit switched networks for over 100 years. The QoS expectations for voice applications have been set and therefore must also be achieved for packetized voice such as VoIP.Other interactive applications include video conferencing and interactive gaming. Since the interactive applications operate in real time, packet loss must be minimized. Interactive applications typically are UDP b ased (Universal Datagram Protocol) and hence cannot retransmit lost or dropped packets as with TCP based applications. However it would not be beneficial to retransmit the packets because interactive applications are time based. For example if a voice packet was lost. It doesnt make sense to retransmit the packet because the conservations between the sender and receiver have already progressed and the lost packet might be from part of the conversation that has already passed in time.3.2.4 Timely ApplicationsThere are some applications which do not require real time performance between a person and networked devices application but do require the information to be delivered in a timely manner. Such example includes save and send or forward email applications and file transfer. The relative importance of these applications is based on their business priorities. These applications require that packets arrive with abounded amount of delay. For example, if an email takes few minutes to a rrive at its destination, this is acceptable. However if we consider it in a business environment, if an email takes 10 minutes to arrive at its destination, this will often not acceptable. The same bounded delay applies to file transfer. Once a file transfer is initiated, delay and jitter are illogical because file transfer often take minutes to complete. It is important to note that timely applications use TCP based transport instead of UDP based transport and therefore packet loss is managed by TCP which retransmit any lost packets resulting in no packet loss.By summarizing above paragraph we can say that timely applications expect the network QoS to provide packets with a bounded amount of delay not more than that. Jitter has a negligible effect on these types of applications. Loss is reduced to zero due to TCPs retransmission mechanism.3.3 QoS Management ArchitectureWe can divide QoS management architecture of VoIP into two planes data plane and control plane. Packet classifica tion, shaping, policing, buffer management, scheduling, loss recovery, and error concealment are involved in the mechanism of data plane. They implement the actions the network needs to take on user packets, in order to enforce different class services. Mechanisms which come in control plane are resource provisioning, traffic engineering, admission control, resource reservation and connection management etc.3.3.1 Data Plane 3.3.1.1 Packet ForwardingIt consists of Classifier, Marker, Meter, Shaper / Dropper. When a packet is received, a packet classifier is used to determine which flow or class the packet belongs to.Those packets belong to the same flow/class obey a predefined rule and are processed in an alike manner. The basic criteria of classification for VoIP applications could be IP address, TCP/UDP port, IP precedence, protocol, input port, DiffServ code points (DSCP), or Ethernet 802.1p class of service (CoS). Cisco supports several additional criteria such as access list and traffic profile. The purpose of the meter is to decide whether the packet is in traffic profile or not. The Shaper/Dropper drops the packets which crossed the limits of traffic profile to bring in conformance to current network load. A marker is used to mark the certain field in the packet, such as DS field, to label the packet type for differential treatment later. After the traffic conditioner, buffer is used for packet storage that waits for transmission.3.3.1.2 Buffer Management and SchedulingActive queue management (RED) drops packets before the repletion of the queue can avoid the problem of unfair resource usage. Predictable queuing delay and bandwidth sharing can be achieved by putting the flows into different queues and treating individually. Schedulers of this type can not be scaled as overhead increases as the number of on-going traffic increases. Solution is class-based schedulers such as Constraint Based WFQ and static Priority which schedule traffic in a class-basis f ashion. But for the individual flow it would be difficult to get the predictable delay and bandwidth sharing. So care must be taken to apply this to voice application which has strict delay requirements.3.3.1.3 Loss RecoveryWe can classify loss recovery into two ways one is Active recovery and the other is Passive recovery. We have retransmission in Active recovery and Forward Error Correction (Adding redundancy) in passive recovery. Retransmission may not be suitable for VoIP because of it latency of packets increases.3.3.2 Control Plane 3.3.2.1 Resource provisioning and Traffic EngineeringRefers to the configuration of resources for applications in the network. In industry, main approach of resource provisioning is over provisioning, abundantly providing resources. Factors that make this attractive are cost of bandwidth and network planning, cost of bandwidth in the backbone is decreasing day by day and network planning is becoming simpler.3.3.2.2Traffic EngineeringIt mainly focus es to keep the control on network means to minimize the over-utilization of a particular portion of the network while the capacity is available elsewhere in the network. The two methods used to provide powerful tools for traffic engineering are Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) and Constraint Based Routing (CBR). These are the mechanisms through which a certain amount of network resources can be reserved for the potential voice traffic along the paths which are determined by Constraint Based Routing or other shortest path routing algorithms.3.3.2.3 Admission ControlAdmission control is used to limit the resource usage of voice traffic within the amount of the specified resources. There is no provision of admission control in IP networks so it can offer only best effort service. Parameter based Admission Control provides delay guaranteed service to applications which can be accurately described, such as VoIP. In case of bursty traffic, it is difficult to describe traffic characte ristics which makes this type to overbook network resources and therefore lowers network utilization. To limit the amount of traffic over any period it uses explicit traffic descriptors (typical example is token bucket). Different algorithms used in parameter based admission control are Ciscos resource reservation based (RSVP). Utilization based (compares with a threshold, based on utilization value at runtime it decides to admit or reject). Per-flow end-to-end guaranteed delay service (Computes bandwidth requirements and compares with available resource to make decision). Class-based admission control.3.4 Performance Evaluation in VoIP applications 3.4.1 End-To-End DelayWhen End to End delay exceeds a certain value, the interactive ness becomes more like a half-duplex communication. There can be of two type of delay 1) Delays due to processing and transmission of speech 2) Network delay (delay that is the result of processing with in the system)Network delay = Fixed part + var iable partFixed part depends upon the performance of the network nodes on the transmission path, transmission and propagation delay and the capacity of links between the nodes. Variable part is the time spent in the queues which depends on the network load. Queuing delay can be minimized by using the advanced scheduling mechanisms e.g. Priority queuing. IP packet delay can be reduced by sending shorter packets instead of longer packets. Useful technique for voice delay reduction on WAN is link fragmentation and interleaving. Fragment the lower packet into smaller packets and between those small packets VOICE packets are sent.3.4.2 Delay JitterDelay variation, also known as jitter, creates hurdle in the proper reconstruction of voice packets in their original sequential form. It is defined as difference in total end-to-end delay of two consecutive packets in the flow. In order to remove jitter, it requires collecting and storing packets long enough to permit the slowest packets to ar rive in order to be played in the correct sequence.Solution is to employ a play out buffer at the receiver to absorb the jitter before outputting the audio stream. Packets are buffered until their scheduled play out time arrives. Scheduling a later deadline increases the possibility of playing out more packets and results in lower loss rate, but at the cost of higher buffering delay.Techniques for Jitter Absorption Setting the same play out time for all the packets for entire session or for the duration of each session. Adaptive adjusting of play out time during silence periods regarding to current network Constantly adapting the play out time for each packet, this requires the scaling of voice packets to maintain continued play out.3.4.3 Frame Eraser (F.E)It actually happens at that time when the IP packet carrying speech frame does not arrive at the receiver side in time. There may be loss of single frame or a block of frames. Techniques used to encounter the frame erasure Forw ard Error Correction (requires additional processing) depends on the rate and distribution of the losses. Loss concealment (replaces lost frames by playing the last successfully received frame) effective only at low loss rate of a single frame.High F.E and delays can become troublesome because it can lead to a longer period of corrupt voice. The speech quality perceived by the listener is based on F.E levels that occur on the exit from the jitter buffer after the Forward Error Correction has been employed. To reduce levels of frame loss, Assured forwarding service helps to reduce network packet loss that occur because of full queues in network nodes.3.4.4 Out of Order Packet DeliveryThis type of problem occurs in the complex topology where number of paths exists between the sender and the receiver. At the receiving end the receiving system must rearrange received packets in the correct order to reconstruct the original speech signal.Techniques for OUT-OF-ORDER PACKET DELIVERYIt is also done by Jitter buffer whose functionality now became Re-ordering out of order packets ( based on sequence number) Elimination of Jitter

Compare two short stories where the characters face difficult Essay

Comp ar two short stories where the characters view difficultsituationsWe are comparing the stories flight by Doris Lessing and Yourshoes by Michele Roberts. They both(prenominal) deal with the issue of daughtersleaving home and how it affects the whole family. In rush, the grandfather is affected most severely but in Your shoes, it is the acquire. Your garb is written in a first person narrative from the vexs perspective. Flight is written in the third person. Themain report card of the stories is growing up and letting go/ moving on.In Fight the granddaddy is overprotective of the granddaughter and shecraves freedom from him and the atmosphere of the house she has grownup in. Her granddad makes her feel that getting married and movingaway is wrong, Shell marry him next, Im telling you shell bemarrying him next. In Your Shoes there is a similar theme of overprotectiveness and inability of the guardian to let go. However, inYour Shoes the daughter actually runs away from the mother, whereasin Flight the granddad only feels that she is running away.The two stories conclude in in truth different ways. In Flight thegranddad symbolises that he is finally ready to let go of hisgranddaughter by releasing, if only for a short while, the pigeon thathas symbolised her throughout the whole story. In Your Shoes itcontrasts this by the mother becoming increasingly unstable as thestory progresses and ratiocination with her seeming to have a mentalbreakdown.In Flight the characters deal with the difficulties very differentlythan in Your Shoes. The granddad in Flight tries to lace hisgranddaughter away from the world and convince himself he is doing itfor her own good. The gra... ...of the mothers familyhistory, which shows that she didnt take the side of her mothereither, but went onto her fathers side.In Flight and Your Shoes the characters deal with the similardifficulties very differently. Both authors use symbol to emphasisethe difficulties or dilemmas, pige ons are used in Flight andtrainers are used in Your Shoes. The symbols in both stories relateto travelling or a journey. I think that the symbolism is effective inboth stories but more so in Your Shoes as the shoes bringseveral things the pureness that the mother wants the daughter tohave, the overbearing nature of the mother, the mothers obsessionwith order and the fact that the mother can communicate separate with apair of shoes than she can with her own daughter. In comparison, Ienjoyed Your Shoes far more and found it more interesting. Compare two short stories where the characters face difficult EssayCompare two short stories where the characters face difficultsituationsWe are comparing the stories Flight by Doris Lessing and Yourshoes by Michele Roberts. They both deal with the issue of daughtersleaving home and how it affects the whole family. In Flight, thegranddad is affected most severely but in Your Shoes, it is themother. Your Shoes is written in a first person narrative from themothers perspective. Flight is written in the third person. Themain theme of the stories is growing up and letting go/ moving on.In Fight the granddad is overprotective of the granddaughter and shecraves freedom from him and the atmosphere of the house she has grownup in. Her granddad makes her feel that getting married and movingaway is wrong, Shell marry him next, Im telling you shell bemarrying him next. In Your Shoes there is a similar theme of overprotectiveness and inability of the guardian to let go. However, inYour Shoes the daughter actually runs away from the mother, whereasin Flight the granddad simply feels that she is running away.The two stories conclude in very different ways. In Flight thegranddad symbolises that he is finally ready to let go of hisgranddaughter by releasing, if only for a short while, the pigeon thathas symbolised her throughout the whole story. In Your Shoes itcontrasts this by the mother becoming increasingly unstable as thestory progresses and ending with her seeming to have a mentalbreakdown.In Flight the characters deal with the difficulties very differentlythan in Your Shoes. The granddad in Flight tries to lock hisgranddaughter away from the world and convince himself he is doing itfor her own good. The gra... ...of the mothers familyhistory, which shows that she didnt take the side of her mothereither, but went onto her fathers side.In Flight and Your Shoes the characters deal with the similardifficulties very differently. Both authors use symbolism to emphasisethe difficulties or dilemmas, pigeons are used in Flight andtrainers are used in Your Shoes. The symbols in both stories relateto travelling or a journey. I think that the symbolism is effective inboth stories but more so in Your Shoes as the shoes representseveral things the pureness that the mother wants the daughter tohave, the overbearing nature of the mother, the mothers obsessionwith order and the fact that the mother can communi cate better with apair of shoes than she can with her own daughter. In comparison, Ienjoyed Your Shoes far more and found it more interesting.